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Field guide

Defence drones across air, land, sea and underwater

A guide to UAVs, UGVs, USVs and underwater vehicles—and how to compare their evidence without confusing operating domains with autonomy.

Four operating domains

Air profiles cover uncrewed aircraft. Land profiles cover ground vehicles and mobile robots. Sea-surface profiles cover vessels operating on the surface. Underwater profiles cover autonomous vehicles, remotely operated vehicles and gliders. These are ways to navigate the library, not a ranking of military importance. Adjacent counter-drone equipment has its own support-systems grouping.

Uncrewed does not mean fully autonomous

A vehicle can lack an onboard crew while being remotely controlled by a person. It may also offer assistance, supervision or autonomous functions. Identify the specific function, configuration and evidence before comparing claims. For underwater vehicles, NOAA's AUV and ROV distinction provides a useful starting point: untethered autonomy and tethered remote operation are different control arrangements. Hybrid systems require a more specific description.

Compare the right fields

Aircraft profiles retain flight-related specifications such as altitude and launch or recovery arrangements. Ground profiles add mobility and terrain context. Surface-vessel profiles record displacement and sea-state qualifications. Underwater profiles record operating depth. All retain source-linked dimensions, payload, endurance and other disclosed data. A missing number is a research gap, not an invitation to infer it from a similar vehicle.

Keep the platform and mission package separate

The same base vehicle may support several roles without every proposed package being operational. The Navy's public MCM USV description illustrates a surface platform with modular mission equipment. The ground-vehicle sector similarly distinguishes a carrier from the various systems it might carry. Use the named variant and the dated source rather than transferring a family's best advertised figures to every configuration.

Read status before specifications

In this library, documented use, production commitments, development trials, supplier claims, concepts and unverified reports have different labels. New announcements can change a programme's status without establishing new verified performance. Review dates show when the source record was checked; publication dates show when a page changed.

Explore and improve the coverage

The directory and coverage register can be filtered by domain. Country totals describe origin or production associations, while operator countries remain separately recorded. The register identifies visible gaps in each domain so that strong aerial coverage cannot be mistaken for complete ground or maritime coverage. Follow the linked sector guides for a more detailed introduction and the individual profiles for the evidence.

Publication history

  • — Added sourced land and maritime coverage with domain-specific evidence and limitations.

Suggest a correction to this entry →

Follow the evidence

Source types identify who makes the claim. Programme milestones and supplier statements should be read in context.

  1. NOAA: AUV and ROV definitions (opens in a new tab)Government technical explainer
  2. US Navy: modular MCM surface-vessel programme (opens in a new tab)Government / operator
  3. General Dynamics: ground platform and control modes (opens in a new tab)Manufacturer

Explore the connections

Land · Land systemsUkraine

TerMIT / TerMIT 2.0

Tracked Ukrainian logistics and mission platform with documented earlier-model use, a newer electric version and announced German co-production.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsUkraine

Droid TW

Ukrainian tracked reconnaissance and fire-support robot with official deployment evidence and several payload configurations.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsRussia

Marker ground robotics programme

Russian wheeled and tracked robotics research platform; supplier demonstrations do not establish a widely deployed military fleet.

Development / trialsRead
Land · Land systemsRussia

MGR-4 Shmel

Russian remotely operated demining machine derived from a commercial compact loader, with use reported by the manufacturer group.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Land · Land systemsEstonia

THeMIS

Estonian tracked hybrid ground-robot family spanning logistics, evacuation, observation and mission-specific equipment integrations.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsEstonia

Type-X robotic combat vehicle

Larger tracked robotic vehicle developed for mechanised formations, with demonstrated payload integrations but incomplete current acceptance evidence.

Development / trialsRead
Land · Land systemsCroatia

DOK-ING MV-4

Croatian remotely controlled engineering and demining robot with documented humanitarian use and configuration-specific tools.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsUnited States

MUTT / S-MET

US Army load-carrying ground robot based on GDLS MUTT, with a separate newer MUTT XM offering.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsUnited States

TALON robot family

Established US bomb-disposal and hazardous-inspection robot family, with successive generations that require separate specifications.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsUnited States

PackBot 525

Portable US inspection and bomb-disposal robot with documented German deliveries and configurable hazard-sensing equipment.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsIsrael

DOGO

Compact Israeli remote-controlled inspection and specialist-response robot, with armed and non-lethal configurations described separately.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Land · Land systemsIndia

Daksh remotely operated vehicle

Indian remotely operated hazardous-object inspection and handling robot, described in current DRDO technical literature.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Land · Land systemsSouth Korea

HR-Sherpa

South Korean electric ground-robot family with military trial deliveries and multiple generations of subsequent development.

Development / trialsRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited States

Sea Hunter / Seahawk

US Navy autonomous trimarans that progressed from research prototypes to documented fleet activity, including Seahawk's 2026 carrier-group deployment.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited States

Saildrone Voyager

A 10-metre autonomous vessel for persistent coastal surveillance and seabed mapping, used in US and NATO maritime programmes.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited States

Saildrone Surveyor

A 20-metre ocean-going autonomous platform for deep-water mapping, maritime sensing and trials of additional naval payloads.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited States

Concept / announced

Saildrone Spectre

A 52-metre uncrewed naval design announced in April 2026, with first sea trials planned for early 2027.

Concept / announcedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited States

MARTAC Devil Ray T38

A modular autonomous catamaran used for naval experimentation and range support, with an eight-day mission reported in 2026.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsIsrael

Elbit Seagull

An optionally crewed 12-metre vessel able to operate without an onboard crew, with modular naval sensing and mine-countermeasure payloads.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsAustralia

Ocius Bluebottle

An Australian long-endurance surveillance USV using renewable energy, with a hybrid variant and a 40-vessel Navy order announced in 2026.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUnited Kingdom

ARCIMS

A modular naval USV supporting mine countermeasures and survey missions, with remote, autonomous and onboard operating modes.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsFrance

Exail DriX H-8

A slender autonomous survey vessel used for civil and military ocean data collection, including a documented French Shom delivery.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsPortugal

Concept / announced

UFORCE MAGURA MV11

A larger MAGURA-family carrier USV unveiled in August 2026, with advertised capacity for other unmanned systems and mission equipment.

Concept / announcedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUkraine

Sea Baby

Ukraine's SBU surface-drone family, with a substantially enlarged 2025 configuration documented by its operator.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsTürkiye

ASELSAN / Sefine MARLIN

A Turkish modular naval USV with documented entry into the Navy inventory and several separately advertised mission variants.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsSingapore

Singapore MARSEC USV

Singapore's autonomous maritime-security vessel began operational patrols in January 2025, according to the defence ministry.

In service / use documentedRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

REMUS 100

Small untethered survey vehicle with a long naval mine-countermeasures history and numerous sensor configurations.

In service / use documentedRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

REMUS 300 / Lionfish platform

Portable modular AUV underpinning the US Navy’s Lionfish programme, with battery-dependent size, endurance and range.

In service / use documentedRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

REMUS 620

Medium-class modular AUV with multi-day advertised endurance and documented customer procurement and integration trials.

Order / production commitmentRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Bluefin-9

Portable electric AUV combining seabed sonar, imaging and environmental data collection.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Bluefin-21

A large, deep-rated survey AUV with interchangeable sensor and battery modules.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsNorway

HUGIN Superior

A deep-water survey AUV combining synthetic-aperture sonar with a broad environmental sensor suite.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsNorway

HUGIN Endurance

A large AUV designed for long autonomous survey deployments from shore or a support vessel.

Order / production commitmentRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsSweden

Sabertooth

A hovering hybrid underwater vehicle able to perform autonomous survey or remotely controlled inspection tasks.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited Kingdom

Seaeye Falcon

A compact tethered inspection ROV with standard and deep-rated configurations.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Dive-LD

A modular large-diameter AUV marketed for defence and commercial deep-water missions.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsIsrael / Germany

BlueWhale

A large Israeli-developed AUV with German sonar integration and a documented German Navy handover.

In service / use documentedRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited Kingdom

XV Excalibur

The Royal Navy's Project Cetus extra-large underwater technology demonstrator.

Development / trialsRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Slocum G3

A buoyancy-driven oceanographic glider with established naval use and configurable environmental sensing.

In service / use documentedRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Manta Ray

An extra-large underwater technology demonstrator exploring long-duration autonomous operations.

Development / trialsRead
Field guideGlobal

Uncrewed surface vessels & naval drones

Understand surface vessels used for naval observation, survey, mine-countermeasure support and other maritime roles, from small craft to larger experimental ships.

Reviewed 20 Sept 2026Read
Land · Land systemsUkraine

Ratel H

Ukrainian logistics and evacuation ground robot with documented military use; published payload and range figures contain unresolved inconsistencies.

In service / use documentedRead
Land · Land systemsCanada

Mission Master family

Canadian-developed modular ground-robot family with separate SP, CXT and XT configurations and a September 2026 US Marine Corps order.

Order / production commitmentRead
Land · Land systemsIsrael

REX ground vehicle family

Israeli hybrid-electric infantry-support robot family; current MK III marketing contains unresolved payload and range inconsistencies.

Supplier-reported statusRead
Land · Land systemsTürkiye

BARKAN ground vehicle family

Turkish modular ground-robot family with supplier-documented military use, series production and a newer BARKAN 3 configuration.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsUkraine / United Kingdom / Portugal

MAGURA V5 / V6P / V7 / MV7

A Ukrainian-origin surface-drone family with documented wartime use, followed by internationally developed MV7 configurations.

In service / use documentedRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsRussia

Vizir / Vizir-M

A Russian uncrewed-boat development line publicly demonstrated for hydrography and modular maritime sensing; military fleet status remains unclear.

Development / trialsRead
Sea surface · Sea surface systemsTürkiye

ULAQ surface-vessel family

A Turkish family of autonomous naval and port-security vessels, including the export ULAQ-11 and larger ULAQ-12 designs.

Order / production commitmentRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsUnited States

Orca XLUUV

The US Navy's extra-large autonomous underwater vehicle programme, developed around modular mission payloads.

Development / trialsRead
Underwater · Underwater systemsAustralia

Ghost Shark

Australia's extra-large autonomous underwater vehicle programme, progressing from prototypes into contracted production.

Order / production commitmentRead